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HEALTH CARE IN MALAYSIA

Healthcare in Malaysia : A great option

HEALTH CARE IN MALAYSIA   -   A critical review

Introduction :

Jose Marc Castro is a Pilipino, based in Philippines.  He has been a contributing writer and researcher on ExpatForum.com since 2007.  His legal background gives him the ideal skills needed to research and write great and useful material for expatforum.com.

The writer give positive remarks about healthcare in Malaysia.  Jose emphasize that Malaysia is fortunate country where health care had been improving over the years and Jose encourage tourist from other countries to consider  Malaysia for their medical care destination, where Malaysia is embarking of medical tourism as part of the country’s wish.  Eventhough there were issues mentioned by the writer, however those issues were not only persist in Malaysia but are common within Asian countries.

I personally agree to Jose’s writing about overall healthcare in Malaysia, eventhough there are some setbacks, overall Jose post more of positive points and promote the Malaysian healthcare system.  Jose made it clear in his second paragraph that going to Malaysia for healthcare is never a hassle.

Summary

Jose praised Malaysia as healthcare tourist destination, with its high-end hospitals that provide the best services.  Entering Malaysia is simple and easy, more over for healthcare matter.  The writer emphasized that Malaysia through the private and public sectors provided comprehensive and sufficient coverage of medical needs for its population.   The number of  health colleges and schools is enough to attest that Malaysia is serious on the on-going improvement  of its healthcare system to provide the quality health care.

To make the foreigner comfortable, he also mentioned of Malaysian various ethnics groups which carry different cultures which he described to be an interesting customs and vibrant cultures.  Another important issue which gives credit to the Malaysian healthcare system, mentioned by the writer is that the Malaysian healthcare system also encouraged foreign doctors to share their expertise in Malaysia, by working in Malaysian hospitals.  This is exactly true that not only private hospitals employ foreigners, but also the government hospitals do have foreign specialist contributing to the number of expert in government hospitals.  The writer also mentioned specifically that the quality health care are being provided not only to its residents but also to tourists, emigrants and visitors as well.  Presently, eventhough the private hospitals are set to make profit from needy patient, the cost is still affordable for the medical procedures and also the accommodations.

Critique

The writer, a Pilipino with legal background had written not less than six articles of the same nature but for various countries.  He wrote on – Health Care in Malaysia as this one we are reviewing, other articles are on Cyprus, Dubai, Hong Kong, Japan, UK, Thailand and also his homeland, Philippines.

Going through his writing on his own country and what he wrote on Malaysia, seemed that he is not biased on his comments and opinion.  He gave good remarks on Malaysian standard of healthcare.

His comment which is not agreeable to me is that the modern healthcare in Malaysia was due to Malaysia being a British colonial, whereby modern and western medical practices were being introduced due to the colonialism.  He mentioned that the medical care were being transferred from the British colonial rules to meet the growing needs.

Actual fact, the growth and improvement of Malaysian healthcare was due to the positive growth of the Malaysian economy that give room for better healthcare standard.  Growth of the economy have lead to better standard of living and created the high needs for better healthcare. 

On two negative comments he made on the issues on Malaysian healthcare,  eventhough we may not like it, but it is the truth that the writer commented.  First was the common issues he mentioned which is rampant even to neighboring countries, that is some doctors who have their mind-set to gain much money from their patients.  Secondly, was the growth of modern hospitals was almost all at the urban areas, leaving the remote area with less fortunate medical care facilities.  

Other than those mentioned above, his comment on Malaysian healthcare system and policy was overall better than many other countries in the region.  He praised Malaysian Government on the commitment to provide high-quality health care for the public whether they are locals or foreigners.

The growth and establishment of the various medical schools in the Malaysia is the confirmation that Malaysia is really serious to provide high quality health care to the public.  Medical practitioners in Malaysia are not only those who studied in Malaysia, but also from other parts of the world including universities from US.

The writer also mentioned that hospitals in Malaysia are considerably the best with the latest medical equipments for optimum performance.  A very strong point mentioned here was also that Malaysia have medical practitioners who earned their degrees from universities in US.  This kind of remark is very important for Malaysia that will boost confidence to foreigners to have their medical treatment in Malaysia.

Conclusions

This article helps Malaysia market it’s medical tourism destination. The many positive points given by the writer as against the few negative issues is much acceptable to me.   Overall this article is short and simple, easy to understand and the message he expressed in this article is precisely clear to all, whoever read it will understand and will assist in one’s need for a medical treatment.

Published at :

www.expatforum.com/articles/health/health-care-in-malaysia.html

by  :  JOSE MARC CASTRO on August 8, 2009.

AVOIDING TRADEMARK INFRINGEMENT

Trademarks ( brand names) Indicate Commercial Source

Trademarks may be words, logos or other symbols which indicate to consumers

that goods come from a particular company. They may even be sounds, three

dimensional symbols such as the well-known "golden arches," or colors. There are

also service marks which indicate the source of services - and still other kinds of

marks which need not be considered here.

Copying May Be Irrelevant

As with patents, one can infringe another's marks without copying them or even

being in direct competition with their owner. All that is necessary is to use the same

or a similar mark under circumstances where consumers may be confused as to the

source or sponsorship of goods or services.

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AVOIDING COPYRIGHT INFRINGEMENT

Copyright infringement can be avoided by establishing that a work was

independently created. Therefore, records which show independent creation are

helpful in avoiding liability. Even with such records, establishing an independent

creation may be difficult if the original work was widely disseminated or otherwise

available to the alleged infringer. In one such case, the court held that, while

copying may have been unconscious,'the original was nevertheless infringed.

Copyrights are unlike patents in that the term is much longer (the lifetime of the

author plus 50 years in the case of identifiable, living authors). They arise

automatically and they are inexpensive to register. Yet, subject to some fairly basic

limits, a copyright provides an owner with the exclusive rights to reproduce the

work during its term.

One of the limits to copyright protection is that ideas (as contrasted with

expressions) and technology -computer software aside -- are generally not

protected. This means that our inventor would have been free, at least as far as

copyright laws are concerned, to use any information that could have been found in

books on mousetrap designs and to make and sell working copies of anything

shown or described. A copyright gives the owner only the right to prevent

reproduction of the text or drawings themselves.

But, what if the inventor wants to use some of the text, for example, in an

advertisement? While there is a remote possibility that such use might be protected

under the so-called "fair use" defense, it is very unwise to proceed without getting

permission or expert advice.

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AVOIDING PATENT INFRINGEMENT

One Need Not Copy In Order To Infringe

Patents do more than prevent copying; their owners can forbid the making, using or

selling of a covered invention even though it was independently created. This is

certainly true for utility patents -- which is what people usually mean when they use

the term, "patent." These provide 17 years of exclusive rights for inventions which

deal with the way things work and otherwise qualify. It is also true for design

patents which afford 14 years of protection for significant improvement in the

appearance of useful items such as car bodies or furniture. (The only possible

exception is patents on natural plants which will not be covered in this publication.)

Copying may actually be a way to avoid infringement. Our inventor of the

mousetrap might have avoided potential problems by using technology which had

been described in a printed publication, publicly used or on sale. Products which are

on sale and give no notice of patent coverage are relatively free from the risk of

infringement

However, if the technology is fairly new, one should keep in mind that an inventor

has one year from public sale or disclosure within which to file a patent application.

Further, because patents often take two or more years to issue, there is some risk

that a patent will be issued at a later time. While there is no liability for pre-issue

infringement, one would nevertheless have to cease making, using or selling the

technology at the time of issue -- losing both unrecovered start-up costs and

inventory.

A patent search is helpful in minimizing the risk of infringement if the technology is

not known to be old. But, of course, if our inventor is determined to make a better

mousetrap, there would be no interest in copying something else found in the

market. Still, before spending too much time and money on research, the inventor

should make sure that others do not have exclusive rights in the same area being

explored. The inventor certainly should not assume, because a product was not on

the market, that it is unpatented. As many independent inventors have learned to

their chagrin, it is usually easier to patent something than to market it profitably.

Successful Succession Planning in Business

Source of stress in an organization.

In what ways do they affect the individual employee?  What can manager and supervisors do to make the workplace less stressful?

What Is Stress?

Stress is the combination of psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions that people have in response to events that threaten or challenge them. Stress can be good or bad. Sometimes, stress is helpful, providing people with the extra energy or alertness they need. Stress could give a runner the edge he or she needs to persevere in a marathon. This good kind of stress is called eustress. Unfortunately, stress is often not helpful and can even be harmful when not managed effectively. Stress could make a salesperson buckle under the pressure while trying to make a sales pitch at an important business meeting. Moreover, stress can increase the risk of developing health problems, such as cardiovascular disease and anxiety disorders. This bad kind of stress is called distress, the kind of stress that people usually are referring to when they use the word stress.

A convenient way to think about stress is in terms of stressors and stress responses. Stressors are events that threaten or challenge people. They are the sources of stress, such as having to make decisions, getting married, and natural disasters. Stress responses are psychological, physiological, and behavioral reactions to stressors. Anxiety, depression, concentration difficulties, and muscle tension are all examples of stress responses.

The connection between stressors and stress responses, however, is not as straight forward as it may seem. Mediating processes, for instance, stand in between stressors and stress responses. Whether stressors lead to stress responses depends on mediating processes like how people appraise potential stressors and how well people are able to cope with the negative impact of stressors. Furthermore, a number of moderating factors, such as personality traits and health habits, influence the links between stressors and stress responses. These mediating processes and moderating factors help determine whether people experience stress-related problems like burnout, mental disorders, and physical illness and are the focus of many stress management techniques that emphasize cognitive-behavioral approaches

Work

The specific types of stressors that employees are exposed to in the workplace fall into four categories of demands: task demands, interpersonal demands, role demands, and physical demands.   Among these categories, work overload, boundary extension, role ambiguity, role conflict, and career development are particularly relevant stressors.  Additionally, an employee's home-life can interfere with his or her job.

Work overload is a good example of a daily hassle that is particularly relevant in the workplace. When employees feel overwhelmed from trying to work on more tasks than they can handle or from trying to work on tasks that are too difficult for them, they are suffering from work overload. Work overload is common after layoffs among the remaining workers who are assigned more tasks. It is also common among newly appointed managers who feel unprepared for their new, unfamiliar roles.

Boundary extension is another good example of a daily hassle that is particularly relevant in the workplace. Some jobs, such as public relations and sales, require employees to work with people in other occupational settings.  Such boundary extension can be difficult for employees, especially if it involves any of the following difficulties:

• Dealing with very diverse organizations
• Maintaining frequent and long-term relations with people in other organizations
• Interacting in complex and dynamic environments
• Not having screening mechanisms like secretaries or voice mail
• Participating in non routine activities
• Trying to meet demanding performance standards

 

Role Ambiguity and Role Conflict

Two more good examples of daily hassles that are particularly relevant in the workplace are role ambiguity and role conflict. When employees are unsure about what is expected of them, how to perform their job, or what the consequences of their job performance are, they are experiencing role ambiguity. When employees finds it difficult to perform their job effectively because of the multiple explanations about their job performance, they are experiencing role conflict. Role conflict takes place in five basic ways:

• Receiving conflicting or incompatible expectations from another employee
• Receiving different expectations from two or more other employees
• Receiving expectations that lead to incompatible roles
• Receiving too many expectations, expectations leading to too many roles, or expectations leading to roles that are too complicated
• Having values and beliefs that conflict with expectations

Career development is a good example of a major life event specifically related to work. Changing jobs or occupations can be stressful.  People may feel frustrated and afraid, for example, after being laid off or fired from their job.  Similarly, employees may feel belittled or embarrassed after being demoted.  These feeling may be even more damaging for employees if such changes in occupational status interfere with their family life.

Sources of Stress

Stressors, the sources of stress, include three types of events, referred to as daily hassles, major life events, and catastrophes. Additionally, specific types of stressors occur within certain domains in life, such as family, work, and environment.

Stressors

Daily hassles are the little hassles or annoyances that occur practically everyday, such as having to make decisions, arguing with friends and family, trying to meet deadlines at work, stepping on a piece of bubble gum that someone carelessly spitted out, and caught in traffic jams. Although a wide variety of daily hassles can be sources of stress, they often involve conflicts between behaviors people may or may not want to do. In particular, daily hassles that involve interpersonal conflicts seem to have an impact that lasts longer than does that of most other daily hassles. Additionally, according to a survey of middle-aged adults, the top ten daily hassles are as follows:

1.      Concerns about weight

2.      Health of a family member

3.      Rising prices of common goods

4.      Home maintenance

5.      Too many things to do

6.      Misplacing or losing things

7.      Yard work or outside home maintenance

8.      Property, investments, or taxes

9.      Crime

10.  Physical appearance

Managers should play a role to ensure that workplace is less stressful by discussing work matters with their subordinates.  While discussing the subordinates will be able to share their work problem, in a way when they are able to speak out the problem is already one way to release the stress.  Whenever a difficult task is being assigned to an employee, the manager should at certain period discuss the progress of the task with the employee giving him the opportunity to speak out and managers to offer assistance along the line. 

Another way is the implementation of the organizational development program, is a special approach towards organizational change in which the employees themselves are given the opportunity to formulate the change that is required within the stipulated rules.   Team building is another approach or process to improve team effectiveness.  During the team building exercise the employees are given equal opportunity to speak out what is in their mind and all ideas are being recorded by the facilitator for future follow-up.

During such process, confrontation meetings will be held to bring about solutions between inter groups or inter departments which will reduce stress at workplace. 

Human resources management – Issues and regulations.

HR’s new role

The new employment relationship gives the human resource staff the opportunity to become more active in corporate strategy by quantifying the impact of training programs on the bottom line. That is where the integration of human resources is critical to the business partnership. Another evolving role will be more familiar. Throughout the downsizing era, human resource professionals saw their role shift from that of employee advocate to helping management cut staff. Now it is time to shift the focus back. Good human resource people have to focus on how to balance being a strategic partner with being an employee advocate.

HR Management

The efficient management of human resources is critical to achieving excellence. Therefore, in today’s working world efforts will continue to be taken to increase the number of skilled and knowledgeable workers who are technology-oriented, particularly in information technology.  Measures to strengthen the quality of the workforce through training and upgrading of skills will also be undertaken. The private sector had been urged to support and complement the public sector initiatives. In this regard, the establishment of new institutions of higher learning by the private sector is encouraged. The government had stressed to private sector management in particular, the need for a shift in paradigm towards better investment in people and the management of knowledge workers to attain greater competitiveness in the global market in the near future.

People and Performance

Human resources management is not restricted to hiring and firing, and preparation of payroll only. As times goes on the HR function expanded to cover selection, training and promotion. Another difficult task to be performed by HR is to protect the firm in its interaction with unions.

Today, HR plays more important role in the firm as strategic partner and agent for change. In today’s high-performing organization in the competitive market, HR play an important role to deliver highly trained and committed employees which will be the firm’s competitive key.  Manager and supervisor in today’s market do accept the fact that the employee is the main asset of the company. Thereby through HR involvement in strategy is necessary to ensure that human resource support the organization’s mission.

HR and Performance

Similar to other departments, human resource managers must be able to use data and other resources available in their unit within their constraints to forecast outcomes and become real partners with higher management. In essence, HR departments must be able to show how they add value to the company. It must be noted and recognized that the job of human resource professionals is continuously evolving along with any other job and trends that are emerging.

HR and Employee Commitment

HR gives impact to employee’s performance by providing motivational methodology towards achieving committed employee through teamwork and ensuring two-way communication to foster commitment. HR needs to be committed to ensure employees that fair treatment of all employee’s grievances and disciplinary concerns.

Retaining Employees

Salary is not everything to make employees stay, even though salary can be one of the criteria.  HR management must accept the facts that other organizations can also offer attractive salaries including fringe benefits. Managers have to compensate employees beyond salary increases.

Employees as commodities

There are times that foreign companies in Malaysia, due to some internal reasons of theirs or due to tax incentive purposes move their operations to other countries and thereby downsize their current operations while a newly form entity will be incorporated with new products and services or additional products and services.  

When this occurs these companies that are normally highly equipped with better technologies then the local companies will have an online database to:

1.      Match applicants from downsizing companies with available jobs at other member companies.

2.      Have “lease link” system that allows member companies to lease needed employees with special expertise from others in the alliance.

3.      Prepare program for career growth center that offers counseling, networking, interviewing and negotiating.

4.      Have a research forum for job trends and workplace issues.

5.      Training and education will be conducted within their alliance. The training and education will focus on skills for interpersonal leadership and networking. It will include videoconference seminars to reach employees around the country and training programs on CD-ROM.

Companies have focused on downsizing and jobs that are going away and the real issue is not to focus on jobs that are obsolete. People need to be employable for life. That’s one reason skills are at the center of the alliance’s mission.

This good and beneficial idea of the foreign managers are not well informed to the local employees and as such their perception is that they are being traded as commodities and their thinking being brought back to the slavery days.

Emphasis career development

Employees have to be encouraged to consider improving their education and tuition reimbursement has to be offered if their selected course of study can benefit the organization in the long run.  A system should be set up that ensures employees will not leave once they obtained their degrees. Opportunities given to employees to attend seminars will improve their skills. If cost permits in-house seminars should be held occasionally.  In order to foster career guidance, a company may set up a mentorship program that pairs high-level executives with young professionals.  Of course all those should be organized within the constraints and resources available

An international health care company has increased training, staff and budgets for key Revenue-Producing departments, and pays employees based on                          Performance. That had proven to be of great benefit to the company.

Regulations

Forging a business partnership

One major concern under the new employment pact is finding a way to focus employees on the financial success of the company and explain that jobs and salary increases are subject to that success, without creating an adversarial relationship. The challenge for HR is finding a way to meet the needs of both employers and employees and develop a business partnership. Articulating the terms of the deal is the place to start, since companies must acknowledge that they are offering employees different deals, and that there is no one employment relationship, even in the same company, the relationship turns on which employees are contributing directly to a company’s financial success—who is really core, or who are the people who deliver the most value to the customer. While all employees may be valuable, at some point, management has to tell employees who is “core” and who is not. But as companies merge and change product lines, what is core today may be peripheral tomorrow.

Employees and managers have shifted roles to accommodate the changing workplace. Companies that progress very well will sure to increase their workforce may be five or ten fold. As the number of employees per manager increased, managers became responsible for establishing overall department goals and the context in which employees do their jobs. The employees, who are closer to the daily needs, are responsible for developing the work initiatives and reviewing them with management.

Many HR consultants said that the onus is on the employee. It’s a shift of responsibility from the manager to the employee to take ownership for the job, learning and progress the career.

In today modern world, human resource department has also shifted its emphasis, focusing more on business strategy, partnering and training. The training budget increased to keep up with all the people. The company relies on shared services whenever possible and is in the process of outsourcing as much as possible of its administrative transactions. That’s not a moneymaker and other people can do those things better and less expensively. Therefore part of the training program are being outsourced even though the company relies on management staff for core competency as well as identifying and training employees to meet the future needs of the company.

Legal trends affecting HR management

Due to uncertain new happenings in the labor industry, many new laws continue to be passed which effectively limit managers’ actions. The equal employment opportunity laws bar discrimination on the basis of race, age, disability, religion, sex or national origin. HR management need to give assistance to other managers on the various legal constraints such as mandated health benefits, occupational safety and health requirement and union-management relation’s laws.

Conflicts

Foreign company manager will sure be aware of Malaysian regulations which pertains to employee and employer relationships, may not in detail but in general.  Besides the written laws, there are expected implied laws, which are approved by employers from local companies such as matters relating to the various religious, believe in Malaysia. For example as a Muslim male shall require more than one-hour lunch break on every Friday to perform Friday’s prayers.  During the fasting month all Muslim staff would be happy if their employer allow them to work through the lunch hour and release them an hour earlier at the end of the day. Likewise the Chinese staff will need an off-day for the Chinese New Year eve, otherwise they will be required to be in their house for an early family dinner by 5.00 p.m., therefore the superior will need to give time off for them be back home early.

For a production company, foreign company manager may require the factory to close down for long break for the workers and maintenance of the machine during the Christmas and New Year eve, however the Malaysian workers wish to have a long break during the local festival such as Malay Hari Raya or the Chinese New Year.  The foreign company manager may want to have the break to go back to his country, however likewise the local wish to celebrate long holidays during local festive at their provinces or villages.

Another problem faced by the foreign company manager during the relationship with the Malaysian workers is the difference in culture, behavior and work habits.  Most Malaysian workers are backed by local culture of soft-spoken and not direct in pointing out certain errors of subordinates and not at all to point out mistakes of superiors.  Whereas the foreign managers from the developed nations like United State and United Kingdom are used to be direct on pointing out critiques. Even there are corporate cultures in many organizations that practice openness where the subordinates may also remind their bosses.

Protection from change

As information becomes the most valuable commodity in society, organizations are changing faster and more frequently than the employees who work for them. Indeed, there often is a perception that employers change for the sole purpose of changing.  In many organizations, employees believe that change takes place without regard to its effect on professional goals or personal lives. Compounding the problem, the change may be part of a program of total quality management that has lofty goals but, in effect, conveys the message that employees can never do enough.

A number of things can be done to minimize the adverse effects of change. Involving employees in the change process can be helpful. Also helpful is giving employees advance notice of changes so they have time to adjust, explaining the reasons for changes, and timing changes so that employees are not disproportionately affected.

Unions

The employees in the sense that the employer cannot be relied on to keep promises may find unions attractive. Broken promises not only fuel the desire for unionization; they also make the union's election campaign easier. A foreign employer that cannot keep a promise should explain why. One way to ensure that broken promises do not fester is through formal employee attitude surveys.

Many major companies were shifting priorities, employees needed to know what new skills would be needed, and business would have to clearly define those requirements and anticipate the big trends quickly. Companies should bring together a group of companies to discuss common interests in which they did not compete.  They need to come up with new models for shared success. That idea developed over time into the Talent Alliance, a private, not-for-profit so-called coalition.

Give and Take

Companies throughout the country are examining employees’ need for lifetime employability and continuous development of skills. After years of downsizing, rightsizing, reengineering and restructuring, employers and employees are coming to terms with each other in new and complex ways, leading to what some call the new employment pact.

The expectation of lifetime employment at one company is mostly a thing of the past, and the evolving agreement—which no one has clearly defined yet—is based on the company’s financial and market success. Typically, employers who want more productivity, innovation and commitment are finding they must do more than tell employees they will have a job as long as they help the company make money—or until the business changes.

Wary employees are willing to give more, but in return they want career security. That means training to improve their skills for the next job; performance-based compensation including bonus plans, incentives and stock options to give them a stake in the company’s success; and portable benefit and retirement plans. Along the way, companies will also address increased job flexibility, telecommuting and family-care issues. An insurance-based company sells disability insurance, provides career counseling and training for employees, as well as stock options that are redeemable if the company meets its goals.

A focus on continuous learning

Companies are changing and people have to know what skills will be required. Human resource departments need to set new standards for collaboration and continuous learning. While all companies need to provide more employee training and career development under the new terms of employment, continuous learning and increased skills are vital in the fast-changing high technology industry. Employers need to keep skill levels up to meet changing customer needs; therefore employee development is an integral part of company policy. Many companies embarked on quite an intense look at this.

In addition to enhanced compensation, top performers are to receive added educational and networking opportunities, such as a week at the Foreign School of Business for leadership programs. Nestle’s in Malaysia increased sales force was accompanied by a shift in the way its employees are compensated. The human resource staff serves as the lead team in setting pay-related goals. They have evolved into much more of a performance-for-reward company. There are measurable goals people have to accomplish in order to get paid incentives.

                        

Human resource personnel will have to work closely with the management team to meet strategic needs and to understand what business the company is in, what kind of skills are needed, and what the employee population needs to ensure success in the business. Employees have a keen interest in training and keeping themselves marketable and without career development opportunities, employer would not be able to retain employees, obviously.

There is no guarantee by the employer to the employee and vice versa on what will be the future, usually, employees do not have the opportunity to get their skills up.  When the company posts a job, the job is there now, which is good for people with those skills. The career trends give them a vision for what’s hot in the future, so they can set a course of development, plan and get the skills necessary for the jobs of the future, with the present employer or a new employer. There are things that an employer can provide that distinguish it from everyone else in the marketplace and make it a place employee want to work and they had to be the employers’ of choice.

The company provides the training, but employees “own” their career development, if they want to work and progress, they’ve got to keep their skills current and updated, understand the business the company is in, the requirement and how the company makes money.

                  

Paying for performance

The trend toward pay for performance is another hallmark of the new employment agreement, and cash incentive and stock option plans are especially useful in keeping company stars. Employees who are skilled and able to generate ideas will do well.  They will be more like free agents, and will stay as long as they benefit.

Stock Options

High technology and big companies frequently rely on stock options to attract quality employees and to connect the employee’s work future to the company.  Stock options have turned more employees into millionaires, debt free, reduce housing loan outstanding and many were able to go for overseas vacations. The company stocks were being given to employees based on their ranks. Therefore most employees will struggle to compete to get promoted in order to benefit on the employee share option scheme.

Loosing Stake

This is one of the trends of employers retaining employees, however some foreign own companies refuse to float their shares, as they might have to let go may be about 40% of their holdings even though they still have the controlling stake. This issue too became a conflict issue between local employees and the foreign management of the company.  Employees envied neighboring company staff that had the opportunity for extra income that there is times, which is more than their yearly bonus from the employees share option scheme when their company is listed at the stock exchange.

  

There are employees who have been with the company for a long time has done very well. Keeping the stars requires a creative mix of substantial stock options and non-monetary benefits such as allowing telecommuting and flexible hours. Awards and incentives are given to top performers in the company. This reward may not direct monetary benefits as bonuses attracted income tax, whereas profit form stock options are tax-free.

Guiding Principles

A conflict should be resolved skillfully. A conflict, when happened may bring about benefits to the company as it may bring about changes. As such when a conflict is taken in a very positive way it can be a blessings. Conflicts when solved, means:-

• Gain cooperation from team members
• Improve performance and productivity
• Reduce stress and preserve integrity
• Solve problems as quickly as possible
• Improve relationships and teamwork
• Enhance creativity
• Increase staff morale

Resolving Conflict Situations

To manage conflict effectively a superior must be a skilled communicator. That includes creating an open communication environment in his unit by encouraging employees to talk about work issues. Listening to employee concerns will foster an open environment. The superior must make sure that he really understand what employees are saying by asking questions and focusing on their perception of the problem.

Whether there two employees who are fighting for the desk next to the window or one employee who wants the heat on and another who doesn't, an immediate response to conflict situations is essential. Notwithstanding the conflicts between fellow employees, there are also managers who are in direct conflict with employees. Good managers though have no prejudice. Good managers usually have some basic guidelines in solving conflicts whether it’s a conflict between employees or a conflict between the manager and an employee.

Acknowledging the existence of a difficult situation.

Honesty and clear communication play an important role in the resolution process. Acquaint one with what's happening and be open about the problem.

Individuals should be allowed to express their feelings.

Some feelings of anger and/or hurt usually accompany conflict situations. Before any kind of problem solving can take place, these emotions should be expressed and acknowledged.

A clear definition of the problem must be established.

What is the stated problem? What is the negative impact on the work or relationships? Are differing personality styles parts of the problem? Managers usually meet with employees separately at first and question them about the situation.

Determine underlying need.

The goal of conflict resolution is not to decide which person is right or wrong; the goal is to reach a solution that everyone can live with. Looking first for needs, rather than solutions, is a powerful tool for generating win/win options. To discover needs, a manager must try to find out why people want the solutions they initially proposed. Once the problem is understood the advantages their solutions have for them, the manager have discovered their needs.

Find common areas of agreement, no matter how small:

• Agree on the problem
• Agree on the procedure to follow
• Agree on worst fears
• Agree on some small change to give an experience of success

Find solutions to satisfy needs:

• Problem-solve by generating multiple alternatives
• Determine which actions will be taken
• Make sure involved parties buy into actions. (Total silence may be a sign of passive resistance.) Be sure you get real agreement from everyone.

Determine follow-up you will take to monitor actions.

A manager may want to schedule a follow-up meeting in about two weeks to determine how the parties are doing.

Determine what to do if the conflict goes unresolved.

If the conflict is causing a disruption in the department and it remains unresolved, the manager may need to explore other avenues. An outside facilitator may be able to offer other insights on solving the problem. In some cases the conflict becomes a performance issue, and may become a topic for coaching sessions, performance appraisals, or disciplinary action.

Dealing With Anger

When there someone who is angry, one can use the tools of effective listening to help defuse this anger. Nevertheless, when anger is directed at you, it is much more difficult to respond definitively, because your own emotions are usually involved.

To effectively defuse anger, keep in mind the needs of the angry speaker:

• To vent. An angry person needs to let off steam and release the anger that may have been brewing for a long time use your communication skills to allow the person to do this.
• To get the listener's attention. An angry person wants to know that you are paying attention use your body language to show this.
• To be heard. An angry person wants someone to listen to her point of view acknowledge the feelings you hear so that the speaker knows you appreciate how angry she is.
• To be understood. An angry person wants someone to appreciate how she feels try to empathize with her experience so that she feels you understand the situation, and acknowledge her right to feel the way she does.

When listening to an angry person:

• Be attentive and patient. Keep in mind that she will become less angry as you let her express herself.
• Be sincere. Empathy and validation must be both honest and genuine.
• Be calm. Try to remove your own emotions from the discussion. Remember that an angry person may say inflammatory things in the heat of the moment, but you do not have to react angrily.

Summary

In most conflicts, neither party is right or wrong; instead, only the different perceptions that collide and give birth disagreements. Conflict is natural and it's up to the parties involved to respond to conflict situations quickly and professionally. Conflict should be viewed in positive ways; if conflict is dealt with openly, it can be a too in strengthening work units by correcting problems. Conflicting views usually create chances to disputing parties to learn more about each other. It gives chances to one party to explore views of the other party. In the end it will develop productive relationships. Clear and open communication is the cornerstone of successful conflict resolution.